What does pH actually measure?
- The percentage of oil in a cream or lotion
- The concentration of hydrogen ions in a water-based solution
- The amount of active ingredient in a product
- The temperature at which a product becomes unstable
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B. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a water-based solution
pH stands for potential hydrogen and expresses how acidic or alkaline a water-containing solution is. Products with no water, such as pure oils, have no pH.
Reference: Product chemistry: pH
Skin with barely visible follicles, a tight feeling and very little sebum is classified as which skin type?
- Oily
- Dry
- Combination
- Normal
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B. Dry
Dry (alipidic) skin underproduces oil, so follicles are small and the skin feels tight. Combination skin would show larger pores and shine through the center of the face.
Reference: Skin analysis: skin types
Which massage movement consists of quick tapping or light slapping and is the most stimulating?
- Effleurage
- Petrissage
- Tapotement
- Friction
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C. Tapotement
Tapotement (percussion) uses fast tapping movements and is the most stimulating form of massage, so it is used briefly and lightly on the face. Friction is a deep rubbing movement, not a striking one.
Reference: Facial massage: basic movements